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Of the planets Mercury and Earth, as well as two comets. Comet ISON is the brightest, with bright tail extending toward the left. Comet Encke is a periodic comet that returns every 3.3 years and is displaying a very faint tail toward the left.Copyright © 2013 by NASA/STEREOThis image was acquired on 2013 November 25 at 5:29 UT by the STEREO Ahead spacecraft using the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) hi1 camera. The image shows the present locations of the planets Mercury and Earth, as well as two comets. Comet ISON is the brightest, with bright tail extending toward the left. Comet Encke is a periodic comet that returns every 3.3 years and is displaying a very faint tail toward the left.Copyright © 2013 by NASA/SOHOThis image was acquired on 2013 November 27 at 13:30 UT by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft using the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C3 camera. The image shows comet ISON toward the far right.Copyright © 2013 by NASA/SOHOThis image was acquired on 2013 November 28 at 0:54 UT by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft using the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C3 camera. Copyright © 2013 by NASA/SOHOThis image was acquired on 2013 November 28 at 21:48 UT by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft using the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C2 camera.

The drawing board to tweak his theory.Two more papers have been submitted to various journals that give a more optimistic prediction for comet ISON. Zdenek Sekanina has conducted an analysis of comet ISON compared to two other comets which were fresh from the Oort cloud. One comet, Seki-Lines, performed quite well during 1962, while the other comet, Honig, disintegrated during 2002. He finds comet ISON to be performing closer to comet Seki-Lines. Matthew Knight and Kevin Walsh compared comet ISON to other sungrazing comets. Although there were an number of parameters about comet ISON that are currently unknown, they predicted that "tidal disruption [is] unlikely unless other factors affect ISON substantially." One of these factors was a possible speeding up of the rotation of the nucleus.ObservationsThe first independent confirmation of this comet's discovery came from W. H. Ryan and E. V. Ryan (Magdalena Ridge Observatory, Socorro, New Mexico, USA) on September 21.42. They were using the 2.4-m reflector and a CCD camera. The comet's magnitude was given as 17.5. Although the comet steadily brightened as expected during the remainder of 2012, it was expected to slow down during the early months of 2013, as Earth's motion around its orbit was putting a lot of distance between it and the comet. After Earth reached the point in its orbit when it was on the other side of the Sun from the comet, the distance between the two bodies began to decrease. Although the comet was expected to resume its brightening, it did not. In fact, during the period of January through June, the comet may have actually faded slightly, making it almost two magnitudes fainter than predicted by the beginning of July. This indicates the comet's activity level has decreased during a time when it should be increasing.The comet dropped into evening twilight near the end of June 2013 and was recovered in August. The first reported observation was possibly made from southeastern Arizona (USA), when an amateur astronomer used a video camera attached to a telescope and stacked several of the frames. The comet would have been at a very low elevation above the horizon (he Author has yet to see this image and considers the observation as uncertain for now). The first definite observation was obtained by Bruce Gary (Hereford Arizona Observatory, Arizona, USA) on August 12.5. Visual observers were placing the brightness of comet ISON at about magnitude 12 during the first week of September. The coma was about 2' across and slightly condensed. The comet attained a magnitude of about 11 during the first week of October. The coma was then about 3' across and moderately condensed. Jakub Cerny (Czech Republic) noted a tail extending 0.1 degree

The future of a potential "comet of the century" is still uncertain, with just under two months to go before the icy wanderer makes its closest approach to the sun.With just two months to go before Comet ISON skims within about three-quarters of a million miles (1 million kilometers) above the sun's surface, it's still uncertain whether the comet will evolve into a stunningly bright object that will put on a memorable show in December, or turn out to be nothing more than a dim fuzz ball.The comet was masked by the glare of the sun for much of the summer and began to emerge into darker skies in mid-August. [Photos of Comet ISON: A Potentially Great Comet]Because the comet's brightening had seemed to stall during the first half of this year, there was hope that once it reappeared, it would look significantly brighter. It was, indeed, brighter, yet not as bright as many had hoped. In fact, the comet was running about two magnitudes — or six times fainter — than forecasts had originally suggested.Sizzle or fizzle?This new information has spawned two camps anticipating ISON's future performance: those who think ISON will be a major disappointment and those who are still holding on to the hope that ISON will become a bright naked-eye spectacle.Astronomer Bruce Gary was the first to photograph ISON after it emerged from the glare of the rising sun on Aug. 12, and belongs to the first camp. According to Gary's calculations, the comet might not get much brighter than fifth or sixth magnitude, which is near the threshold of naked-eye visibility."I've begun to lose interest in this comet, which may never become visible to the unaided eye," Gary said. "I wonder why someone ever suggested that it could become the 'comet of the century.'"On the other hand, astronomer Karl Battams of the Naval Research Lab in Washington, D.C. has issued a more sanguine outlook.This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of Comet ISON was taken on April 10, 2013, when the comet was slightly closer than Jupiter's orbit at a distance of 386 million miles from the sun (394 million miles from Earth).NASA, ESA, J.-Y. Li (Planetary Science Institute), and the Hubble Comet ISON Imaging Science Team"Certainly, we would love it to be a couple of magnitudes brighter right now, but it's doing just fine," Battams said. "I'd say it's still on course to become a very eye-catching object." Slowly brighteningEarlier in September, based on a consensus of visual observations made by reputable observers, Comet ISON appeared as bright as 13th magnitude — still more than 600 times fainter than the dimmest star that can be perceived with the naked eye.Through large telescopes, the comet's head (called a coma) appeared about 1/30 the apparent size of the moon. [Comet ISON's Path Through the Inner Solar System (Video)]Over the last few weeks, the comet has nearly doubled in brightness to about magnitude 12. Denis Buczynski, secretary of the British Astronomical Association's comet section, photographed ISON in a

On November 22. The comet was located only 10 degrees from the Sun on November 26.Additional ImagesCopyright © 2011 by E. Guido, G. Sostero, and N. Howes (Michelago, New South Wales, Australia)This image was acquired on 2012 September 22.5 (UT), while remotely using a 25-cm reflector and CCD camera at the RAS Observatory near Mayhill, New Mexico, USA. It is a stack of twenty-four 120-second exposures. This reveals a slightly diffuse object with a coma 5 arc seconds across.Copyright © 2012 by Michael Jäger (Austria)This image was acquired on 2012 September 24, using a 25-cm reflector and an FLI 8300 CCD camera. Four 7.5-minute exposures were combined to make this image.Copyright © 2013 by R. Ligustri (Italy)This image was acquired on 2013 January 16, using the remote 45-cm reflector and an FLI PL6303E CCD camera at Mayhill, New Mexico. The comet is indicated by the tick marks to the right of the middle of the image. [This is a crop of the original image]Copyright © 2013 by NASA/JPL-Caltech/JHUAPL/UCFThese images from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope of C/2012 S1 (Comet ISON) were taken on June 13, when ISON was 310 million miles (about 500 million kilometers) from the sun. The images were taken with the telescope's infrared array camera at two different near-infrared wavelengths, 3.6 and 4.5 microns (the representational colors shown were selected to enhance visibility). The 3.6-micron image on the left shows a tail of fine rocky dust issuing from the comet and blown back by the pressure of sunlight as the comet speeds towards the sun (the tail points away from the sun). The image on the right side shows the 4.5-micron image with the 3.6-micron image information (dust) removed, and reveals a very different round structure -- the first detection of a neutral gas atmosphere surrounding ISON. In this case, it is most likely created by carbon dioxide that is "fizzing" from the surface of the comet at a rate of about 2.2 million pounds (1 million kilograms) a day. According to the Spitzer web site, the observations revealed "what most likely are strong carbon dioxide emissions." At a distance of 312 million miles (502 million kilometers) from Earth, the indicated tail length was 186,400 miles (300,000 kilometers) long.Copyright © 2013 by Rolando Ligustri (Italy)This image was acquired on 2013 September 25, using the remote 45-cm reflector and an FLI PL6303E CCD camera at Mayhill, New Mexico. This was a 25-minute exposure.[This is a crop of the original image]Copyright © 2013 by Rolando Ligustri (Italy)This images was acquired by Ligustri on 2013 September 28. The image reveals Mars in the lower right quadrant, comet ISON in the upper right quadrant, and the asteroid 433 Eros on the left