Medial lateral steam

Author: f | 2025-04-23

Medial and Lateral. Imagine a line in the sagittal plane, splitting the right and left halves evenly. This is the midline. Medial means towards the midline, lateral means away from the midline. Examples: The eye is lateral to the nose. The nose is medial to the ears. The brachial artery lies medial to the biceps tendon.

MEDIAL AND LATERAL SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OF THE

Partes: Porción flácida, también llamada membrana de Shrapnell. Porción tensa (parte tensa También cuenta con dos lados: medial (interno) y lateral (externo). El lado medial de la membrana timpánica se encuentra cubierto por mucosa y es completamente convexo hacia el oído medio. En este lado, alrededor del borde que se encuentra entre la porción tensa y la porción flácida podemos encontrar la cresta de la cuerda del tímpano, por debajo de la cual pasa el nervio de la cuerda del tímpano (rama del nervio facial, VII par craneal). Además, uno de los huesecillos del oído, el martillo, se encuentra en el lado medial de la membrana y hace impresiones sobre este. El aspecto lateral de la membrana timpánica está dividido en cuatro cuadrantes: anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterosuperior y posteroinferior. Detrás de los dos cuadrantes superiores en el lado medial se encuentran los huesecillos del oído (estribo, martillo y yunque) y la cuerda del tímpano. La unión entre el borde inferior y el manubrio del martillo en el lado medial de la membrana timpánica, forma una concavidad en el lado lateral que se conoce como ombligo de la membrana timpánica. Superior al ombligo de la membrana, hay una banda llamada estría del martillo, que es la impresión formada por el resto del manubrio del martillo. El borde superior de la estría del martillo presenta una cresta llamada prominencia del martillo. Esta impresión se da gracias a la apófisis lateral del martillo. El lado lateral de la membrana timpánica se encuentra cubierta por 1. Carter RM. Epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1925;7:553-62.2. Nirschl RP. Elbow tendinosis/tennis elbow. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Oct;11(4):851-70.[Abstract]3. Milz S, Tischer T, Buettner A, et al. Molecular composition and pathology of entheses on the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus: a structural basis for epicondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep;63(9):1015-21.[Abstract][Full Text]4. Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994 Jan;2(1):1-8.[Abstract]5. Shiri R, Viikari-Juntura E, Varonen H, et al. Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: a population study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Dec 1;164(11):1065-74.[Abstract][Full Text]6. Degen RM, Conti MS, Camp CL, et al. Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Lateral Epicondylitis in the USA: Analysis of 85,318 Patients. HSS J. 2018 Feb;14(1):9-14.[Abstract][Full Text]7. Wiggins AJ, Cancienne JM, Camp CL, et al. Disease Burden of Medial Epicondylitis in the USA Is Increasing: An Analysis of 19,856 Patients From 2007 to 2014. HSS J. 2018 Oct;14(3):233-237.[Abstract][Full Text]8. Sayampanathan AA, Basha M, Mitra AK. Risk factors of lateral epicondylitis: A meta-analysis. Surgeon. 2020 Apr;18(2):122-128.[Abstract][Full Text]9. Descatha A, Leclerc A, Chastang JF, et al; The Study Group on Repetitive Work. Medial epicondylitis in occupational settings: prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors. J Occup Environ Med. 2003 Sep;45(9):993-1001.[Abstract]10. De Smedt T, de Jong A, Van Leemput W, et al. Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Nov;41(11):816-9.[Abstract]11. Kim DH, Gambardella RA, Elattrache NS, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of posterolateral elbow impingement from lateral synovial plicae in throwing athletes and golfers. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:438-444.[Abstract]12. Tuite MJ, Kijowski R. Sports-related injuries of the elbow: an approach to MRI interpretation. Clin Sports Med. 2006 Jul;25(3):387-408, v.[Abstract]13. O'Dwyer KJ, Howie CR. Medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Int Orthop. 1995;19:69-71.[Abstract]14. Grana W. Medial epicondylitis and cubital tunnel syndrome in the throwing athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20:541-548.[Abstract]15. Chen FS, Rokito AS, Jobe FW. Medial elbow problems in the overhead-throwing athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:99-113.[Abstract]16. Wang Q. Baseball and softball injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5:115-119.[Abstract]17. Hume PA, Reid D, Edwards T. Epicondylar injury in sport: epidemiology, type, mechanisms, assessment, management and prevention. Sports Med. 2006;36:151-170.[Abstract]18. Jacobson JA, Miller BS, Morag Y. Golf and racquet sports injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2005;9:346-359.[Abstract]19. Banks KP, Ly JQ, Beall DP, et al. Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2005;34:127-142.[Abstract]20. Rumball JS, Lebrun CM, Di Ciacca SR, et al. Rowing injuries. Sports Med. 2005;35:537-555.[Abstract]21. Calfee RP, Patel A, DaSilva MF, et al. Management of lateral epicondylitis: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16:19-29.[Abstract]22. Ciccotti MC, Schwartz MA, Ciccotti MG. Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis

A Medial Subvastus Approach for Lateral

Author: Shahab Shahid, MBBS•Reviewer: Uruj Zehra, MBBS, MPhil, PhDLast reviewed: July 26, 2023Reading time: 10 minutesThe spinothalamic tract is an ascending pathway of the spinal cord. Together with the medial lemnicus, it is one of the most important sensory pathways of the nervous system. It is responsible for the transmission of pain, temperature, and crude touch to the somatosensory region of the thalamus.Spinothalamic tract is also referred to as the ventrolateral (anterolateral) system. It is composed of four tracts: Anterior spinothalamic tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Spinoreticular tract Spinotectal tract Key facts about spinothalamic tract Divisions Anterior spinothalamic tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Spinoreticular tract Spinotectal tract First order neuron Pseudounipolar neurons within the dorsal root ganglion Second order neuron Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius - Send afferents to thalamus via Lissauer's tract Third order neuron Thalamic nuclei: ventral posterior lateral, ventral medial posterior, medial dorsal - Send afferents to primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) via corona radiata In this article we will discuss the anatomy of the tract, its location, functions as well as its clinical relevance. Contents Components Course Spinal cord Brain Function Clinical notes Lesions of the spinothalamic tract Chronic pain Sources + Show allComponentsThe spinothalamic tract is also known as the ventrolateral system or anterolateral system. It is a sensory tract that transmits information from the skin to the thalamus in the brain. The anterolateral system is composed of: The anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts. The former helps localize crude touch and pressure, the latter painful or temperature sensation. The spinoreticular tract, which is responsible for increasing our level of arousal/alertness in response to the pain or temperature. The fibres ascend from the muscles, joints and skin to synapse in the reticular formation. The spinotectal tract, which enables us to orient our eyes and move our head toward the relevant stimulus. The fibres ascend to synapse in the superior colliculi of the midbrain.Want to learn more about the anatomy of the nervous system? Get some practice with our nervous system quizzes and free labeling diagrams!Once the sensory information has been transmitted to the thalamus, it is sent to the postcentral gyrus , or primary sensory cortex. This is accurately represented on the cortex of the brain in various diagrams, as a homunculus. The most sensitive parts of our body (lips, hands) have larger areas representing them. The legs and genitalia lie on the medial surface of the. Medial and Lateral. Imagine a line in the sagittal plane, splitting the right and left halves evenly. This is the midline. Medial means towards the midline, lateral means away from the midline. Examples: The eye is lateral to the nose. The nose is medial to the ears. The brachial artery lies medial to the biceps tendon.

Lateral and Medial Medullary Infarction

Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow) Images summary Medial Epicondylitis, also know as Golfer's elbow, is an overuse syndrome caused by eccentric overload of the flexor-pronator mass at the medial epicondyle. Diagnosis is made clinically with tenderness around the medial epicondyle made worse with resisted forearm pronation and wrist flexion. Treatment is generally nonoperative with rest, icing, activity modifications and bracing. Rarely, operative management is indicated for patients with persistent symptoms who fail nonoperative management. Epidemiology Incidence 5 to 10 times less common than lateral epicondylitis Demographics affects men and women equally dominant extremity in 75% of cases age 30s to 60s, most commonly in 30s to 40s. Etiology Pathophysiology risks sports that require repetitive wrist flexion/forearm pronation during ball release common in golfers, baseball pitchers, javelin throwers, bowlers, weight lifters, racquet sports tennis late ball strike (raquet head behind elbow at ball contact) poor forehand stroke mechanics failure to use vibration dampeners attached to strings in athletes, may develop in response to large valgus forces on elbow flexor-pronators reduce force seen by anterior band of medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) anterior band MUCL primary static restraint to valgus force at elbow lies deep to pronator teres and FCR jobs involving lifting >20kg, forceful grip, exposure to constant vibration at elbow (plumbers, carpenters, construction workers) can also occur post-traumatically pathoanatomy micro-trauma to insertion of flexor-pronator mass caused by repetitive activities traditionally thought to affect pronator teres (PT) > flexor carpi radialis (FCR) new studies show all muscles of common flexor tendon (CFT) affected except palmaris longus stages peritendinous inflamation angiofibroblastic hyperplasia breakdown/fibrosis/calcification Associated conditions ulnar neuropathy inflammation may affect ulnar nerve ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency should rule this out, especially in throwing athletes associated occupational conditions (present in 84% of occupational medial epicondylitis) carpal tunnel syndrome lateral epicondylitis rotator cuff tendinitis Anatomy Common flexor tendon (CFT) 3 cm long attaches to medial epicondyle (anterior aspect), anterior bundle of MCL fibers run parallel to MCL ulnar head of PT becomes confluent with hyperplastic part of anteromedial joint capsule Flexor-pronator mass includes pronator teres (median n.) flexor carpi radialis (median n.) palmaris longus (median n.) flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar n.) Presentation History may include acute traumatic blow to elbow causing avulsion of CFT repetitive elbow use, repetitive gripping, repetitive valgus stress +/- numbness or tingling in ulnar digits Symptoms insidious onset pain over medial epicondyle worse with wrist and forearm motion worse with gripping Observa en dirección anteroposterior, este conducto semeja una línea irregular, lo que significa que no sigue una trayectoria en línea recta. La porción lateral del conducto está en dirección posterior y superior, mientras que la porción medial se encuentra en dirección anterior e inferior. Es importante conocer esto al momento de examinar el oído, ya que al momento de hacerlo se debe jalar el pabellón auricular en dirección posterior, superior y ligeramente lateral para que sea posible alinear las porciones lateral y medial con el propósito de observar y examinar la membrana timpánica. El conducto auditivo externo cartilaginoso forma el tercio lateral de este conducto. Sus paredes anterior e inferior están compuestas por cartílago debido a que son una continuación del pabellón auricular. Por otro lado, las paredes posterior y superior son realmente membranas fibrosas. El conducto auditivo externo óseo forma los dos tercios mediales del conducto. Sus paredes anterior e inferior están formadas por la porción timpánica del hueso temporal. Se debe notar que la pared posterior del conducto óseo está anatómicamente relacionada con las células mastoideas del proceso mastoides, mientras que las paredes anterior e inferior se relacionan con la articulación temporomandibular. Membrana timpánica La membrana timpánica, o tímpano, se encuentra al final del conducto auditivo externo óseo y actúa como barrera entre el oído externo y el oído medio. Está unida mediante un anillo fibrocartilaginoso a la porción timpánica del hueso temporal. Según su su estructura y tensión, la membrana timpánica se divide en las dos siguientes

Comparison of Clinical Efficacy of Lateral and Lateral and Medial

Of the elbow. Clin Sports Med. 2004 Oct;23(4):693-705, xi.[Abstract]23. Juul-Kristensen B, Lund H, Hansen K, et al. Poorer elbow proprioception in patients with lateral epicondylitis than in healthy controls: a cross-sectional study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(1 Suppl):72S-81S.[Abstract]24. Ciccotti MG, Ramani MN. Medial epicondylitis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2003 Dec;7(4):190-6.[Abstract]25. Bunata RE, Brown DS, Capelo R. Anatomic factors related to the cause of tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Sep;89(9):1955-63.[Abstract]26. Rosenberg N, Soudry M, Stahl S. Comparison of two methods for the evaluation of treatment in medial epicondylitis: pain estimation vs grip strength measurements. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004 Jul;124(6):363-5.[Abstract]27. Bauer JA, Murray RD. Electromyographic patterns of individuals suffering from lateral tennis elbow. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1999 Aug;9(4):245-52.[Abstract]28. Bales CP, Placzek JD, Malone KJ, et al. Microvascular supply of the lateral epicondyle and common extensor origin. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007 Jul-Aug;16(4):497-501.[Abstract]29. du Toit C, Stieler M, Saunders R, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Power-Doppler ultrasound in patients with chronic tennis elbow. Br J Sports Med. 2008 Nov;42(11):872-6.[Abstract]30. Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA. Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979 Sep;61(6A):832-9.[Abstract]31. Kraushaar BS, Nirschl RP. Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow): clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Feb;81(2):259-78.[Abstract]32. Chard MD, Cawston TE, Riley GP, et al. Rotator cuff degeneration and lateral epicondylitis: a comparative histological study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Jan;53(1):30-4.[Abstract][Full Text]33. Nirschl RP. The etiology and treatment of tennis elbow. J Sports Med. 1974;2:308-323.[Abstract]34. Hatch GF 3rd, Pink MM, Mohr KJ, et al. The effect of tennis racket grip size on forearm muscle firing patterns. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1977-1983.[Abstract]35. Whaley AL, Baker CL. Lateral epicondylitis. Clin Sports Med. 2004 Oct;23(4):677-91, x.[Abstract]36. Dorf ER, Chhabra AB, Golish SR, et al. Effect of elbow position on grip strength in the evaluation of lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg (Am). 2007 Jul-Aug;32(6):882-6.[Abstract]37. Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, van der Windt DA, et al. Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Pain. 2002 Mar;96(1-2):23-40.[Abstract]38. Pienimäki TT, Siira PT, Vanharanta H. Chronic medial and lateral epicondylitis: a comparison of pain, disability, and function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 Mar;83(3):317-21.[Abstract]39. Otsuka NY, Hastings DE, Fornasier VL. Osteoid osteoma of the elbow: a report of six cases. J Hand Surg (Am). 1992 May;17(3):458-61.[Abstract]40. Timmerman LA, Schwartz ML, Andrews JR. Preoperative evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography: evaluation in 25 baseball players with surgical confirmation. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Jan-Feb;22(1):26-31; discussion 32.[Abstract]41. Higgins T, Kelly M, Curtin J. Osteoid osteoma of the distal humerus mimicking tennis elbow. Ir Med J. 2002 Sep;95(8):248-9.[Abstract]42. Bracker MD, Ralph LP. The numb

Shallow medial tibial plateau and steep medial and lateral tibial

Brain (the anterior most gyrus of the parietal lobe), and the face, hands, arms etc. lie on the lateral surface.The spinothalamic tract is divided into two further tracts. These are the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts. The lateral pathway transmits both temperature and pain information. The anterior tract transmits crude touch and pressure information. This tract (unlike the corticospinal tract, or the dorsal column pathway/medial lemniscus pathway) decussates (crosses) at the level of the spinal cord, rather than at the brainstem. The tract is organised into a somatotopic map, i.e. the cervical section is most medial, and the sacral segment most lateral (with the thoracic and lumbar components in between).If you feel like you already know everything about the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, put that knowledge to the test with the following fully customizable quiz!CourseSpinal cordThe spinothalamic tract utilises three neurons in order to transmit the sensory information from the skin to the primary sensory cortex. This begins with the pseudounipolar neurons located within the dorsal root ganglion. These neurons extend from the skin to the posterior (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord at that segmental level. These neurons are of two types: A delta fibres are large diameter axons that transmit (as fast as 6 milliseconds!) fast immediate pain. This type of pain is rapidly localized (stepping on a Lego piece, will certainly leave you in no doubt about the location of the injury!), and travels in the lateral spinothalamic tract. C fibres will make several connections in the dorsal horn before ascending. They transmit slow, aching pain that may result from inflammation. The slow type is pain is poorly localized. A dermatome map is a guide to which nerves innervate which areas of skin.Once the neurons enter the spinal cord, they either descend or ascend a few vertebral levels. This is achieved by travelling via Lissauer’s tract (named after the nineteenth century German neurologist), which is a collection of descending and ascending collaterals of the primary neurons. Next the neurons will synapse with the secondary neurons in one of two areas of the spinal cord (the substantia gelatinosa or the nucleus proprius).The substantia gelatinosa is a grey gelatinous mass of neuroglia and nerve cells that is located in a cap like formation at the apex of the spinal cord posterior grey matter. It extends the entire length of the spinal cord to the medulla.. Medial and Lateral. Imagine a line in the sagittal plane, splitting the right and left halves evenly. This is the midline. Medial means towards the midline, lateral means away from the midline. Examples: The eye is lateral to the nose. The nose is medial to the ears. The brachial artery lies medial to the biceps tendon.

Variations in medial and lateral slope and medial proximal tibial angle

Of the ligament can be palpated moving vertically, roughly midway along the medial joint line. Focal tenderness indicates an MCL injury.[2]2. Special testThe VST assesses laxity of the MCL compared to the contralateral knee as a control. An increase in laxity and joint space usually distinguishes damage to the medical collateral ligament.[11] The patient should be positioned supine. Perform with the knee in approximately 30 degrees flexion rather than extension, ensuring isolated testing of the MCL (flexion helps to relax surrounding structures including the posterior capsule).[12]Therapists position one hand on the lateral aspect of the joint line of the knee with the other hand on the medial aspect of the ankle.A valgus force is then applied, a positive result of the knee in this position would be an increase in joint space medially.[12]When assessing for an MCL injury, the examiner should carefully inspect surrounding structures. Suspicion of additional injury may require imaging.[9]Treatment[edit | edit source]Treatment is often non-operative because the MCL has strong vascular support for healing[9]. See Medial Collateral Ligament Injury.Resources[edit | edit source]See also[edit | edit source]KneeAnterior cruciate ligamentMedial meniscusMCL injuriesPellegrini-Stieda syndromeDiagnostic imaging of the kneeReferences[edit | edit source]↑ Naqvi U. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Knee Injuries.4.6.2019 Available from: (last accessed 1.3.2020)↑ 2.0 2.1 Atkins, E., Kerr, J. & Goodland, E., 2015. A Practical Approach to Musculoskeletal Medicine: Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment. 4th ed. China: Elsevier.↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Laprade, R. F., et al., 2007. The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee. Journal of Bone and