P2p transformation

The high upfront cost of vehicles and associated maintenance discourage these people from owning a vehicle and encourages them to opt for shared mobility alternatives, such as P2P carsharing. Furthermore, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures, P2P carsharing popularity has grown substantially in recent years, in part, due to the flexibility it offers to consumers. Such platforms offer a greater selection of locations, vehicle types, and rental prices (e.g., both daily and hourly) than traditional car rental companies. Vehicle owners can use these applications to defray the cost of owning a car, or start a small business with a small fleet. Moreover, the adoption of novel technologies by the key players to enhance consumer experience is expected to attract a large number of customers to these platforms, thus further accelerating the market expansion in the region. In LATAM, the number of carsharing fleets and memberships has grown steadily in recent years. Moreover, Brazil is characterized by densely populated cities. This factor has contributed significantly to the rise in traffic congestion in the country. Additionally, many people do not own vehicles, which makes the country a potential market for these services. Moreover, carsharing services are affordable and can be chosen to suit customers’ needs in the MEA region. The market is growing, due to the digital transformation, with improving online services, ease of usability, and user satisfaction. Also, the minimal responsibility for maintenance, repair, and 24/7 availability are adding to the industry growth. Moreover, with the vast innovation and the improving infrastructure for shared mobility integrations, P2P carsharing is considered to be a pioneering futuristic form of travel in the coming years in the region.Further, regions and countries analyzed for this report include: North America U.S. (Larger Country Market) Canada (Faster-Growing Country Market) Europe (Largest Regional Market) U.K. (Largest

AbstractThis paper deals with energy management in a microgrid through peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange method. The P2P process is executed on the basis of cellular automaton (CA) approach and implemented by smart contracts blockchain over a time horizon, enabling consensus to be recorded between consumers in a secure and fully automated transaction. The CA proposed model identifies the end-user state in a set of five possible states and supports the convergence of supply and demand decisions, thus ensuring the decentralization of energy distribution. Similar content being viewed by others ReferencesEthereum Revision 8dda9521. Solidity, v0.6.3. 2016–2020Abdennour, I., Ouardouz, M., Bernoussi, A.S.: Peer-to-peer energy sharing using cellular automata approach. In: Ezziyyani, M. (ed.) AI2SD 2019. LNEE, vol. 624, pp. 221–228. Springer, Cham (2020). Google Scholar Albrecht, S.. Reichert, S., Schmid, J., Strüker, J., Neumann, D., Fridgen, G.: Dynamics of blockchain implementation-a case study from the energy sector. In: Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2018) Google Scholar Andoni, M., et al.: Blockchain technology in the energy sector: a systematic review of challenges and opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 100, 143–174 (2019)Article Google Scholar Brilliantova, V., Thurner, T.W.: Blockchain and the future of energy. Technol. Soc. 57, 38–45 (2019)Article Google Scholar Dannen, C.: Introducing Ethereum and Solidity, vol. 1. Springer, Heidelberg (2017). Google Scholar Dubai Electricity Dubai Supreme Council of Energy, Water Authority, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Solar decathlon middle east competition (2018). Global energy transformation: a roadmap to 2050 (2018) Google Scholar Jiang, Y., Zhou, K., Xinhui, L., Yang, S.: Electricity trading pricing among prosumers with game theory-based model in energy blockchain environment. Appl. Energy 271, 115239 (2020)Article Google Scholar Karamitsos, I., Papadaki, M., Barghuthi, N.B.A.: Design of the blockchain smart contract: a use case for real estate. J. Inf. Secur. 9(3), 177–190 (2018) Google Scholar Li, Y., Yang, W., He, P., Chen, C., Wang, X.: Design and management of a distributed hybrid energy system through smart contract and blockchain. Appl. Energy 248, 390–405 (2019)Article Google Scholar Mohsenian-Rad, A.-H., Wong, V.W.S., Jatskevich, J., Schober, R., Leon-Garcia, A.: Autonomous demand-side management based on game-theoretic energy consumption scheduling for the future smart grid. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 1(3), 320–331 (2010)Article Google Scholar U.S. Department of Energy. Solar decathlon (2020). D., Sporny, M., Longley, D., Allen, C., Grant, R., Sabadello, M.: Decentralized identifiers (dids) v0. 11. W3C, Draft Community Group Report, 9 (2018) Google Scholar Szabo, N.: Smart contracts:

(65 GigaFLOPS) 12 GRIDs and desktop gridsGRID computing connects supercomputing labs (large parallel machines and databases), primarily for scientific computing Desktop grids use PCs for cycle sharing (dedicated or on the edge of the Internet) CCOF: Cluster Computing on the Fly 13 WaveGrid, Riding the wave of idle cycles 14 Peer-to-peer for large systemsLimitations of client/server architecture Benefits of P2P History of P2P systems P2P architectures P2P issues 15 Client/server architectureWell known, powerful, reliable server is a data source Clients request data from server Very successful model WWW (HTTP), FTP, Web services, etc. Server Client Internet * Figure from 16 Client/server limitationsScalability is expensive Presents a single point of failure Requires administration Unused resources at the network edge P2P systems try to address these limitations 17 P2P vocabulary P2P application P2P architecture P2P computingP2P network Peer-based v. P2P Terms are used interchangeably, sometimes sloppily but there are subtle differences in meaning. 18 P2P computing P2P computing is the sharing of computer resources and services by direct exchange between systems. These resources and services include the exchange of information, processing cycles, cache storage, and disk storage for files. P2P computing takes advantage of existing computing power, computer storage and networking connectivity, allowing users to leverage their collective power to the ‘benefit’ of all. * From Publications/Peer-to-Peer_Introduction_Feb.ppt 19 P2P architecture All nodes are both clients and serversProvide and consume data Any node can initiate a connection No centralized data source “The ultimate form of democracy on the Internet” “The ultimate threat to copy-right protection on the Internet” Node Internet * Content from 20 P2P benefits Efficient use of resources ScalabilityUnused bandwidth, storage, processing power at the edge of the network Scalability Consumers of resources also donate resources Aggregate resources grow naturally with utilization Organic scaling Infrastructure-less scaling Reliability (in aggregate) Replicas Geographic distribution No single point of failure Ease of administration Nodes self organize No need to deploy servers to satisfy demand (c.f. scalability) Built-in fault tolerance, replication, and load balancing 21 P2P Challenges Efficient and fair use of resources ScalabilityHow to allocate? How to deliver? How to prevent selfish behavior? How to provide incentives? Scalability How to locate resources in such a large system? How to avoid overuse of the network? How to deal with heterogeneity? Reliability and trustworthiness in open systems (fault tolerance and security) How to prevent or recover from malicious behavior Do we need or want authentication? How to deal with churn? Do we want to guarantee anonymity? Ease of administration and security What about commercial P2P? How to deal with policy issues? 22 P2P uses Overlay NetworksPeer Peer Peer Peer IP Network Overlay Traditional Communication IP Network Tunneling Communication 23 P2P Architectures (Fig. 5.1)Overlay Network Unstructured Structured Architecture Model Centralized Pure P2P Hybrid (hierarchical) DHT 24 P2P Architectures: TradeoffsCentralized P2P architecture - can suffer from bottleneck at the central server, simpler design Pure P2P - sometimes the content cannot be found, can potentially generate a lot of network traffic Hybrid P2P - how to select and locate